Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc 9.0

NAME

INSTALL - Installation procedure for NetBSD/sparc.

CONTENTS


 About this Document
 Quick install notes for the impatient
 What is NetBSD?
 Dedication
 Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases
    Installation and Partitioning Changes
 Features to be removed in a later release
 The NetBSD Foundation
 Sources of NetBSD
 NetBSD 9.0 Release Contents
    NetBSD/sparc subdirectory structure
    Binary distribution sets
 NetBSD/sparc System Requirements and Supported Devices
    Supported machines
    Machines not supported by NetBSD/sparc
    Supported devices
    Unsupported devices
 Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media
 Preparing your System for NetBSD installation
    Configuring your PROM
    Determining how to access your SCSI disk from the PROM
    Determining how to boot from an SBUS card
    Deciding on partition sizes
    Configuration of network interfaces
 Installing the NetBSD System
    Installing NetBSD by placing a bootable file system on a partitioned hard drive
    Installing NetBSD by using a bootable CD-ROM
    Installing NetBSD by using the bootable floppies
    Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup
    Installing NetBSD by using a bootable tape
    Running the installation scripts
 Post installation steps
 Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System
 Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases
 Using online NetBSD documentation
 Administrivia
 Thanks go to
 Legal Mumbo-Jumbo
 The End

DESCRIPTION

About this Document

This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 9.0 on the sparc platform. It is available in four different formats titled INSTALL.ext, where .ext is one of .ps, .html, .more, or .txt:

.ps
PostScript.

.html
Standard Internet HTML.

.more
The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager utility programs. This is the format in which the on-line man pages are generally presented.

.txt
Plain old ASCII.

You are reading the HTML version.

Quick install notes for the impatient

This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 9.0 on a machine of the sparc architecture.

What is NetBSD?

The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 9.0 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD website for information on them.

NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.

NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist.

Dedication

NetBSD 9.0 is dedicated to the memory of Matthias Drochner, who passed away in August 2018 and Eric Schnoebelen, who passed away in March 2019.

Matthias' technical contributions are too many to list here in full. He was a long term contributor and commited more than 3000 changes all over the NetBSD source tree and lately was especially active in keeping some of our most weired ancient VME architectures in shape.

Eric was a long term pkgsrc developer and well known community member.

Beyond their technical contributions, Eric and Matthias were always helpful and friendly. Their example encouraged users to contribute to the project and share their work with the community.

Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases

The NetBSD 9.0 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous userland enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.

It is impossible to completely summarize the massive development that went into the NetBSD 9.0 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the following files:
CHANGES
CHANGES-9.0
files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.0 release tree.

Installation and Partitioning Changes
The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this release.

It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT partitions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot architectures.

Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware supported by NetBSD. If you have problems partitioning the target disk or installing the system, please report bugs with as much details as possible. See the Administrivia section below on how to report bugs or contact other users and ask for support.

Features to be removed in a later release

The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future:

The NetBSD Foundation

The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trademark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, development, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at:
       https://www.NetBSD.org/foundation/

Sources of NetBSD

Refer to mirrors

NetBSD 9.0 Release Contents

The root directory of the NetBSD 9.0 release is organized as follows:

.../NetBSD-9.0/

CHANGES
Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases.

CHANGES-9.0
Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and final release of 9.0.

CHANGES.prev
Changes in previous NetBSD releases.

LAST_MINUTE
Last minute changes and notes about the release.

README.files
README describing the distribution's contents.

images/
Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable.

source/
Source distribution sets; see below.

In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 9.0 has a binary distribution.

The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the source subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source distribution sets are as follows:

gnusrc
This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets.

sharesrc
This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more.

src
This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.0 sources which are not in gnusrc, sharesrc, or syssrc.

syssrc
This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.0 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility.

xsrc
This set contains the sources to the X Window System.

All the above source sets are located in the source/sets subdirectory of the distribution tree.

The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the pkgsrc set, which is traditionally unpacked into /usr/pkgsrc, all sets may be unpacked into /usr/src with the command:
       # cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz

In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:

MD5
MD5 digests in the format produced by the command:
cksum -a MD5 file.

SHA512
SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command:
cksum -a SHA512 file.

The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files.

NetBSD/sparc subdirectory structure
The sparc-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.0 release is found in the sparc subdirectory of the distribution: .../NetBSD-9.0/sparc/. It contains the following files and directories:

INSTALL.html
INSTALL.ps
INSTALL.txt
INSTALL.more
Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The .more file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/
kernel/
netbsd-GENERIC.gz
A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release.
netbsd-GENERIC.MP.gz
A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for everything supported in this release. This kernel supports SMP on systems with more than one CPU.
netbsd-GENERIC_SCSI3.gz
A kernel with SCSI ID 3 explicitly mapped to sd0.
netbsd-KRUPS.gz
A kernel for JavaStation-NC (Krups) machines.
netbsd-MRCOFFEE.gz
A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using Open Boot Prom firmware.
netbsd-MRCOFFEE_OFW.gz
A kernel for JavaStation-1 (Mr. Coffee) machines using OpenFirmware.
netbsd-GENERIC_SUN4U.gz
A kernel which supports sparc64 hardware in 32-bit mode only. See the sparc64 INSTALL notes for help installing this kernel on your sparc64 hardware.
sets/
sparc binary distribution sets; see below.
installation/
bootfs/
Netbootable RAM disk kernel and the file system in the RAM disk; see below.
floppy/
sparc boot and installation floppies; see below.
miniroot/
sparc miniroot file system image; see below.
netboot/
Netboot bootloader and root filesystem with install tools; see below.
tape/
sparc boot and installation tapes; see below.
Binary distribution sets
The NetBSD sparc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the NetBSD 9.0 release for sparc. The binary distribution sets can be found in the sparc/binary/sets subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.0 distribution tree, and are as follows:

base
The NetBSD 9.0 sparc base binary distribution. You must install this distribution set. It contains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional.

comp
Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages.

debug
This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it.

etc
This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set must be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should not be used if you are upgrading.

games
This set includes the games and their manual pages.

kern-GENERIC
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 GENERIC kernel named /netbsd. You must install this distribution set.

kern-GENERIC.MP
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named /netbsd.

kern-GENERIC_SCSI3
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel, which will set SCSI ID 3 to sd0, named /netbsd.

kern-GENERIC_SUN4U
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 GENERIC_SUN4U kernel, which supports only UltraSPARC systems in 32 bit mode, named /netbsd.

kern-KRUPS
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 KRUPS kernel, which supports the JavaStation-NC, named /netbsd.

kern-MRCOFFEE
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 MRCOFFE kernel, which which supports the OpenBOOT PROM 2 JavaStation-1, named /netbsd.

kern-MRCOFFEE_OFW
This set contains a NetBSD/sparc 9.0 MRCOFFE_OFW kernel, which which supports the OpenFirmware JavaStation-1, named /netbsd.

man
This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets.

misc
This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from /usr/share.

modules
This set includes kernel modules to add functionality to a running system.

rescue
This set includes the statically linked emergency recover binaries installed in /rescue.

text
This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages.

NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:

xbase
The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers.

xcomp
The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code.

xdebug
This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it.

xfont
Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients.

xetc
Configuration files for X which could be locally modified.

xserver
The X server. This includes Xsun, Xsun24, XsunMono and Xvfb servers with man pages.

The sparc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension .tgz, e.g. base.tgz.

The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted below the current directory. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the tar -xzpf command from the root directory ( / ) of your system.

Note:
The distribution cannot be extracted using the SunOS tar program

Note:
Each directory in the sparc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source distribution does.

NetBSD/sparc System Requirements and Supported Devices

The minimum configuration requires 4 MB of RAM and 140 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires considerably more space, and more RAM to achieve reasonable performance. NetBSD with 4 MB of RAM feels like Solaris with 4 MB of RAM -- slow. Note that until you have around 16 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU.

Supported machines
Machines not supported by NetBSD/sparc
Supported devices
Unsupported devices

Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media

Installation is supported from several media types, including:

The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below.

CD-ROM / DVD / USB-stick
Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely locations are binary/sets and sparc/binary/sets. (You only need to know this if you are mixing installer and installation media from different versions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with).

Proceed to the instructions on installation.

FTP
The preparations for this installation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your network, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself.

Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.

NFS
Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a directory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modifying the /etc/exports file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.)

You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself.

Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.

Tape
To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format.

If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like:

       # tar -cf tape_device dist_sets

where tape_device is the name of the tape device that represents the tape drive you're using. This might be /dev/rst0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, dist_sets is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kern-GENERIC, base, and etc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following:


       # cd .../NetBSD-9.0
       # cd sparc/binary
       # tar -cf tape_device kern-GENERIC.tgz base.tgz etc.tgz

Note:
You still need to fill in tape_device in the example.

Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.


Preparing your System for NetBSD installation

Configuring your PROM
Before you start, you should configure your PROM. There are three categories of PROM: ``sunmon'' (sometimes called Restricted Prompt, sun monitor, or old command mode), OpenBoot PROM 1, and OpenBoot PROM 2. The sun4 machines only have sunmon. Some of the early sun4c models default to sunmon but have OpenBoot PROM 1. The later sun4c models and all sun4m models have OpenBoot PROM 2.

First, you need to stop your system from automatically booting when powered on. Pressing the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt. If you are using a Tadpole SPARCbook, you press the Pause and a keys. If you are using a serial console, send a ``BREAK'' signal from your terminal (the method of sending ``BREAK'' varies from terminal to terminal).

If the ethernet address of your sparc system is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, then your NVRAM battery is dead and you will have trouble using ethernet (among other problems). Read the Sun NVRAM/Hostid FAQ.

If you have a valid ethernet address and you plan to netboot, write down your system's ethernet address.

Next, you should set your system to always use the OpenBoot PROM (sometimes called ``new command mode'') if it defaults to sunmon. The NetBSD kernel relies on some of the functionality provided by the OpenBoot PROM. If your machine gives you a `>' prompt instead of an `ok' prompt, type:

> n
ok setenv sunmon-compat? false
ok

Next, if you are using any security features of OpenBoot PROM, you should turn them off -- NetBSD can't deal well with this.

ok setenv security-mode none

If you are using a serial console, the NetBSD/sparc installer defaults to using 9600 bps, 8N1 settings. You may want to configure your system and serial terminal like this prior to booting the installer. Additionally, a new installation of NetBSD/sparc will default to these settings as well.

The OpenBoot PROM 1 machines (SPARCstation/server 1, SPARCstation/server 1+, IPC, and SLC) have an odd SCSI quirk you should be aware of. There are three SCSI addressing schemes used by your system: SCSI target ID (set by physical jumpers on the device), PROM `unit' number (set by OpenBoot PROM 1, based on its SCSI target ID), and the name you reference within an operating system (set by the kernel, based on the PROM `unit' number).

Sun shipped these systems with the internal drives set to SCSI target IDs 3 and 1. The default value of the OpenBoot PROM variable `sd-targets' is `31204567.' This variable maps how the OpenBoot PROM 1 assigns `unit' numbers based on the SCSI target ID. Thus the device at SCSI target ID 3 is considered `unit' 0, and the SCSI device at target ID 0 is `unit' 3. When you type ``boot scsi(0,0,0)'', the OpenBoot PROM will boot from `unit' 0 (which is SCSI target ID 3, the internal hard drive). The SunOS kernel is hard-wired to map sd0 to SCSI target 3, and sd3 to SCSI target 0.

PROM Unit# SCSI Target SunOS name
0 3 sd0
1 1 sd1
2 2 sd2
3 0 sd3
4 4 st0
5 5 st1
6 6 cdrom

The NetBSD/sparc GENERIC kernel does not wire things down as does SunOS. It names the disks in the order that the SCSI targets are probed (01234567). If you only have one disk, it is always sd0 regardless of its SCSI target ID or its PROM `unit' number, and there are no problems. If you have two disks, one at SCSI ID 2 (`unit' 2) and SCSI ID 3 (`unit' 0), then they are recognized as sd0 and sd1 respectively. This can be a problem if you are not aware of it, particularly when creating an fstab.

There are two approaches to fixing this problem: changing the mapping that OpenBoot PROM 1 does, and changing the NetBSD kernel configuration. To get OpenBoot PROM 1 to number the SCSI `unit' numbers the same as the SCSI target IDs, you need to run this command:

ok setenv sd-targets 01234567

This may, however, cause problems if you were to later attempt to use SunOS on this machine or if you reset the OpenBoot PROM variables.

The other approach is to use a NetBSD kernel that matches the PROM's odd target mapping by treating `unit' 0 (i.e. SCSI target ID 3) as sd0 and `unit' 3 (i.e. SCSI target ID 0) as sd3. The GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel performs this target mapping, but the GENERIC and INSTALL kernels do not.

Note:
This is also a concern when you start building your own customised kernels.

The machines with OpenBoot PROM 2 (SPARCstation/server 2, ELC, IPX, and all sun4m models) have a similar SCSI target mapping in the form of a devalias entry. That is, the device alias disk is shorthand for the disk at SCSI ID 3 on the internal SCSI controller. Normally, the disk device alias is what the PROM uses as the default boot device, i.e. in the absence of a device argument to the boot command. Note that there are also pre-configured device alias entries for disk0, disk1, disk2 and disk3, which are in fact a one-to-one mapping to the SCSI targets 0 to 3 (all on the internal SCSI controller).

Again, it may be advantageous to use a fixed ``SCSI target'' to ``NetBSD disk unit'' mapping in your kernel configuration file (such as is done in the GENERIC_SCSI3 kernel) to ensure that your disks remain showing up at the same NetBSD device unit numbers even if you add disks to your system at a later time.

Determining how to access your SCSI disk from the PROM
sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1 use an archaic sd(c,u,p) syntax to address SCSI devices. OpenBoot PROM 2 uses a more intuitive syntax using device aliases.

To calculate the parameters for sunmon and OpenBoot PROM 1:

c
specifies the SCSI controller number (first is 0, second is 1, ...)

u
the hexadecimal number obtained from evaluating the expression (8 * TARGET) + LUN

p
the partition number from which to boot (`0' = `a', `1' = `b', etc.)

Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 0, lun 0, partition 1), one would use:

ok boot sd(0,0,1)

To boot from a CD-ROM (first SCSI bus, target 6, lun 0, partition dynamically determined), one would use:

ok boot sd(0,30,)

And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the /usr partition) on an external hard drive (first SCSI bus, target 2, lun 0, partition 3), one would use:

ok boot sd(0,10,3)netbsd-GENERIC

Now, for OpenBoot PROM 2, SCSI devices are specified by an OpenBOOT devalias which provides simple mnemonics for the full path to the device. Type devalias in OpenBoot PROM 2 to get a list of all of the available aliases. Just the alias and partition are necessary when booting.

Therefore, to boot from the swap partition on the internal hard drive (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the internal hard drive is at target 3), one would use:

ok boot disk:b

To boot from a CD-ROM (OpenBoot PROM 2 assumes the CD-ROM is at target 6), one would use:

ok boot cdrom

And, to boot from a kernel named netbsd-GENERIC on the fourth partition (`d', often the /usr partition) on an external hard drive (target 2, partition 3), one would use:

ok boot disk2:d netbsd-GENERIC

The full device path specifier for OpenBoot PROM 2 depends on how OpenBoot PROM 2 recognizes your SCSI controller. Typically, one would use something like: /sbus/esp/sd@t,p where t is the SCSI target and p is the partition number.

Determining how to boot from an SBUS card
Some SBUS cards have firmware that lets you use them as a boot device. These cards do not automatically create a devalias entry, so you must traverse the device tree to figure out what the OpenBoot PROM calls your card. You will be using OpenBoot PROM commands at the `ok' prompt. First `cd' to the top of the device tree and list the nodes there. The following is the procedure to boot from an HME card in a SPARC Classic.
ok cd /
ok ls
ffd3b790 TI,TMS390S10@0,f8fffffc
ffd2d254 virtual-memory@0,0
ffd2d198 memory@0,0
ffd2b65c obio
ffd2b310 iommu@0,10000000
ffd2b2a0 openprom
ffd24af0 aliases
ffd24abc options
ffd24a88 packages
Usually, you can simply type in the name before the at (@) sign and the OpenBoot PROM will fill in the rest.
ok cd iommu
ok ls
ffd2b454 sbus@0,10001000
ok cd sbus
ok ls
ffd467e8 cgthree@3,0
ffd42a1c SUNW,hme@1,8c00000
ffd4297c le@0,c00000
ffd40d28 ledma@4,8400010
ffd40c9c SUNW,bpp@4,c800000
ffd40c00 audio@4,1300000
ffd3dc68 espdma@4,8400000
ok cd SUNW,hme
ok ls
ok pwd
/iommu@0,10000000/sbus@0,10001000/SUNW,hme@1,8c00000
OK, now we know the path to the HME device in this example. Now, we need to determine if it's capable of booting. If it is, it will have the word `open'.
ok words
reset         seek          load          open          close
watch-net     selftest      obp-selftest  write         read
preamble-32   enable-link-pulse           disable-link-pulse
force-speeds  reset-transceiver           use-bit-bang-mode
use-frame-mode              dump-phys     transfer-speed=10
transfer-speed=100          mii-write     mii-read
create-rev-id
Great! Also, in case you're interested in further details about your hardware, you can use the `.attributes' command.
ok .attributes
hm-rev                   00000022
version                  1.18
model                    SUNW,501-2919
device_type              network
intr                     00000037  00000000
interrupts               00000004
address-bits             00000030
max-frame-size           00004000
reg                      00000001  08c00000  00000108
                         00000001  08c02000  00002000
                         00000001  08c04000  00002000
                         00000001  08c06000  00002000
                         00000001  08c07000  00000020
name                     SUNW,hme
ok
So, when it's time to type in a boot command, use the shortened version of the pwd command. In this example, you'd type:
ok boot /iommu/sbus/SUNW,hme
And when the kernel is done booting, it may not automatically use your card as the root device -- you may need to type in the NetBSD/sparc name for that device:
root on sd0a dumps on sd0b
no file system for sd0 (dev 0x700)
cannot mount root, error = 79
root device (default sd0a): ?
use one of: fd0[a-h] le0 le1 hme0 sd0[a-h] halt
root device (default sd0a): hme0
dump device: hme0
file system (default generic): nfs
root on hme0
Deciding on partition sizes
If you're installing NetBSD/sparc for the first time it's a good idea to look at the partition sizes of disk you intend installing NetBSD/sparc on.

A minimal installation of NetBSD requires about 140 MB. A full installation requires considerably more. A good initial size for the swap partition is twice the amount of physical memory in your machine (unlike SunOS 4.x, there are no restrictions on the size of the swap partition that would render part of your memory unusable).

Note that there are limitations on the size of the root partition for various models.

On sun4 machines, the NetBSD sparc boot loader can only boot from RAID partitions that start at the beginning of the disk.

On sun4 and early PROM version sun4c machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 1Gb of the disk.

On later PROM version sun4c and early PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 2Gb of the disk.

On later PROM version sun4m machines, the PROM can only boot from the first 4Gb of the disk.

Configuration of network interfaces
Some network devices (i.e. the built-in le interface on sun4m machines) allow a choice between operating on a UTP or a AUI port once the NetBSD kernel is running. The le driver supports automatic detection of the port which is actually connected to the wire. Additionally, some of the Fast ethernet devices (such as be, hme, qec, and qfe) support selection of various speeds and options. The default is to attempt to automatically detect the speed.

If automatic detection is not available or not working properly in your environment, you may have to specify the type connection using the media parameter of ifconfig(8). During installation, you'll get the opportunity to specify the appropriate medium. Use 10base5 or AUI to select the AUI connector, or 10baseT or UTP to select the UTP connector. Fast ethernet interfaces default to auto, which usually does not detect properly and runs at `10BaseT' speed. The options are 10baseT, 10baseTX, and auto. The hme and qfe interfaces also allow 10baseT-FDX and 100baseT-FDX.

Installing the NetBSD System

Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand it shouldn't be too much trouble.

There are several ways to install NetBSD onto your system. The easiest way is to use the miniroot.fs image copied to your local disk's swap partition or a scratch drive. If your Sparc is hooked up in a network, you may configure another UNIX-like machine as a netboot server for your Sparc. Alternatively, there is a pair of floppy images that will boot your system and run the installer.

For more information on the commands and variables available in the OpenBoot PROM (present in all sun4c and sun4m machines), go to http://docs.sun.com and search for ``openboot reference'' (without quotes).

Installing NetBSD by placing a bootable file system on a partitioned hard drive
installation/miniroot/miniroot.fs.gz is a compressed, self-contained NetBSD file system holding all utilities necessary to install NetBSD onto a disk attached to your system. It is distributed as a compressed plain file you will transfer to a raw disk partition. You will then boot this installer using the appropriate PROM command. The simplest case is where you place the miniroot.fs file system on the swap partition of your disk. Alternatively, you can place it on any other unused partition on any disk (such as a Zip disk). Be forewarned that you will not be able to install NetBSD onto the partition that contains the miniroot.fs as this partition is needed during the install process.

Loading the file system onto a raw partition is straightforward. First, download miniroot.fs to your system. Next, reboot in single-user mode (i.e. boot -s) to ensure that your system will not be swapping. Finally, place the miniroot.fs on your partition of choice. On NetBSD or SunOS the commands are:

# gunzip miniroot.fs.gz
# dd if=miniroot.fs of=/dev/rsd0b bs=4k

Here, /dev/rsd0b is assumed to be your swap partition. If you decide to place miniroot.fs on a non-swap partition, it will overwrite all of the contents of that partition, but you will not need to reboot into single-user mode to write it.

After transferring the file system to disk, bring the system down by:

# halt

Then boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt (this example is for the swap partition):

sunmon
> b sd(,,1)netbsd -s
OpenBoot PROM 1
ok boot sd(,,1)netbsd -s
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok boot disk:b netbsd -s

The monitor boot command will load the NetBSD kernel contained in the file system image. After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below.

Installing NetBSD by using a bootable CD-ROM
If you wish to burn a CD-R containing a bootable NetBSD installation, then you can either burn the prepared disk image in images/NetBSD-9.0-sparc.iso or create your own. If you wish to create your own, you should follow the directions on the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO at:        http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/bootcd.html#sparcimage

Once you have downloaded NetBSD-9.0-sparc.iso or created your own disk image, then you need to burn it to a CD-R.

The CD-ROM attached to your Sparc must support 512 byte sectors to be bootable. All Sun brand CD-ROMs will work, as well as many other manufacturers. See the Sun CD-ROM FAQ:
       http://saturn.tlug.org/suncdfaq/

Sun sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 6. We recommend you do the same.

Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt:

sunmon
> b sd(,30,)
OpenBoot PROM 1
ok boot sd(,30,)
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok boot cdrom

After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below.

Installing NetBSD by using the bootable floppies
The NetBSD install floppies only work on the sun4c and sun4m machines. Making the install floppies is fairly straightforward.

NetBSD and SunOS use the same commands. First, get two 1.44 MB floppy disks and format them either using the fdformat(8) command or a PC.

# fdformat

Be sure that the `fdformat' command completes successfully before proceeding; on NetBSD success is a string of all `V 's', and on SunOS success is a string of `. 's'.

Next, transfer the two floppy images (installation/floppy/disk1.gz and installation/floppy/disk2) to the disks you just formatted. You can do this step from NetBSD, SunOS, or a Windows machine using rawrite.exe (available in the NetBSD/i386 distribution). Insert the first floppy and run the following commands:

# gunzip disk1.gz
# dd if=disk1 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=36k
# eject floppy

Insert the second floppy and run the following commands:

# dd if=disk2 of=/dev/rfd0a bs=36k
# eject floppy

Note that disk2 may be a symlink to .tgz file; do not uncompress it, just follow the instructions above, verbatim. After writing the two floppies, be sure to label them so you can later identify them.

Insert the floppy made from disk1 into your Sparc. From the OpenBoot prompt, boot the floppy with the following command:

OpenBoot PROM 1
ok boot fd(,,1)
OpenBoot PROM 1 (alternate)
ok boot /fd
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok boot floppy

After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to insert the floppy labeled ``NetBSD disk2''. If the floppy is not automatically ejected, you can either use a straightened paperclip to eject the disk or do the following:

Press the STOP key (sometimes called the L1 key, found on the left side of your keyboard) and the a key, which will halt your system and give you a PROM prompt.

ok eject
ok go

Now, insert the floppy labeled disk2. After the installation tools have been loaded, you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below.

Installing NetBSD by using a netboot setup

  1. Introduction

    To netboot a sparc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your sparc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the manual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to configure the netboot services on a variety of platforms:        https://www.NetBSD.org/docs/network/netboot/

    You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network.

    Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins executing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts executing the installation tools or init(8). All sparc systems except JavaStations with OpenFirmware PROM use a combination of RARP and BOOTP for the discovery stage. In the past, these systems used RARP and BOOTPARAMS. JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware use DHCP. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the bootstrap program, boot.net, which has been linked to a file name appropriate to the client's architecture and IP address as described in the TFTP section below. JavaStations with OpenFirmware need a special bootstrap program, bootjs.net, which is a version of boot.net in ELF format. It is not linked to the IP address. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server.

    We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory /export/client/root. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment.

    You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed.

  2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode

    Put the following lines in your /etc/dhcpd.conf (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information):

    ddns-update-style none;
                    # Do not use any dynamic DNS features
                    #
    allow bootp;    # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server
                    # will act as a bootp server.
                    #
    authoritative;  # master DHCP server for this subnet
                    #
    subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
                    # Which network interface to listen on.
                    # The zeros indicate the range of addresses
                    # that are allowed to connect.
    }
    group {
                    # Set of parameters common to all clients
                    # in this "group".
                    #
            option broadcast-address        192.168.1.255;
            option domain-name              "test.net";
            option domain-name-servers      dns.test.net;
            option routers                  router.test.net;
            option subnet-mask              255.255.255.0;
                    #
                    # An individual client.
                    #
            host client.test.net {
                    hardware ethernet       CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC;
                    fixed-address           192.168.1.10;
                    #
                    # Name of the host (if the fixed address
                    # doesn't resolve to a simple name).
                    #
                    option host-name        "client";
                    #
                    # Name of the bootloader or kernel
                    # to download via tftp.
            

    # # Only needed for JavaStations with OpenFirmware! # filename "bootjs.net";

    # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root";

    # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network }

    Note that for JavaStations booting from OpenFirmware you do not need the
    allow bootp;
    
    statement, since this machines use real DHCP.

    You will need to make sure that the dhcpd.leases file exists.

    # touch /var/db/dhcpd.leases
    

    You will need to start the dhcpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/dhcpd restart
    

  3. rarpd(8)

    Note: no rarpd is needed to boot OpenFirmware based JavaStations.

    Create an /etc/ethers file with the following line:

    CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC     client
    

    Add your client to the server's /etc/hosts file:

    192.168.1.10 client
    

    You will need to start the rarpd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/rarpd restart
    

  4. tftpd(8)

    The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the /tftpboot directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory:

    # mkdir -p /tftpboot
    

    Next, edit /etc/inetd.conf and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon:

    tftp  dgram  udp  wait  root  /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot
    

    Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/inetd restart
    

    Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your sparc machine to /tftpboot. Get boot.net from the installation/netboot directory of the distribution.

    # cp boot.net /tftpboot
    

    Now, you need to link boot.net to the filename that your sparc will look for. It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address (in hexadecimal) followed by the machine's architecture, separated by a period. For example, a sun4c machine which has been assigned IP address 192.168.1.10, will make a TFTP request for C0A8010A.SUN4C.

    You can use bc(1) to help calculate the filename:

    # bc
    obase=16
    192
    C0
    168
    A8
    1
    1
    10
    A
    quit
    # cd /tftpboot
    # ln -s boot.net C0A8010A.SUN4C
    

    For OpenFirmware based JavaStations you use the file bootjs.net and do not create a symlink for the IP address. This machines do full DHCP autoconfiguration, so the bootstrap filename is provided by the DHCP server.

    Just to be sure, let's make everything readable.

    # chmod -R a+rX /tftpboot
    

    Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to /var/log/messages saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's ethernet address to its IP address:

    # arp -s client CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC
    

  5. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8)

    Now your system should be able to load the bootstrap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client:

    # mkdir -p /export/client/root
    

    Put the following line in /etc/exports to enable NFS sharing:

    /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net
    

    If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with:

    # /etc/rc.d/rpcbind start
    # /etc/rc.d/nfsd start
    # /etc/rc.d/mountd restart
    

  6. NetBSD kernel and installation tools

    Now, if you place a kernel named netbsd in /export/client/root your client should boot the kernel. Use binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gz.

    # gunzip netbsd-GENERIC.gz
    # mv netbsd-GENERIC /export/client/root/netbsd
    

    If you are netbooting the installer, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory and extract the tools from installation/netboot/rootfs.tgz.

    # cp *.tgz /export/client/root
    # cd /export/client/root
    # tar -xpzf rootfs.tgz
    

  7. Client file system

    You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Otherwise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See for details.

  8. Setting up the server daemons

    If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your /etc/rc.conf:

    dhcpd=YES        dhcpd_flags="-q"
    rarpd=YES        rarpd_flags="-a"
    nfs_server=YES         # enable server daemons
    mountd=YES
    rpcbind=YES      rpcbind_flags="-l"   # -l logs libwrap
    

    Also, you'll need to make sure the tftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf remains uncommented.

Now, netboot your Sparc from the server by entering the appropriate boot command at the monitor prompt. Depending on the PROM version in your machine, this command takes one of the following forms:

sunmon
> b le()netbsd
OpenBoot PROM 1
ok b le()netbsd
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok boot net netbsd

After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to start the install or upgrade procedure. Proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below.

Installing NetBSD by using a bootable tape
Sun sets their tape drives to SCSI ID 4. We recommend you do the same.

Get the tape images (installation/tape/tapefile1.gz and installation/tape/tapefile2) and transfer them to a tape. Make sure you use the `no rewind scsi tape' device. Run the following commands:

# gunzip tapefile1.gz
# mt -f /dev/nrst0 rew
# dd if=tapefile1 of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync
# dd if=tapefile2 of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync

Now you can transfer the NetBSD9.0. distribution sets from (binary/sets) to the tape by using a series of additional

# dd if=<aset>.tgz of=/dev/nrst0 bs=4k conv=osync
commands. See also the section Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media. Be sure to mark the location of these files on the tape; you'll need them during the installation procedure.

Insert the tape into your Sparc's tapestation. Boot the installer by typing the appropriate command at the PROM prompt:

sunmon
> b st()
OpenBoot PROM 1
ok boot st()
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok boot tape

After the initial probe messages you'll be asked to confirm the tape device and tape file number containing the installation tools. Then, proceed to the section Running the installation scripts. below.

Running the installation scripts
The first thing that the installation scripts will inquire about is the type of console you're using on your machine. If you're using a Sun frame buffer display, choose the terminal type sun (this is presented as the default).

Note:
if your frame buffer device is a cgsix Sbus board, you should change the terminal type to sun-cgsix to avoid triggering a bug in the board's firmware code that can garble your screen.

If you're using a terminal device connected to a serial port, choose a terminal type appropriate for that device, e.g. vt100 or vt200.

Next, you will be presented with a choice of two installation methods: a new full-screen sysinst program, or the traditional script-based miniroot program. The sysinst program is easier to use, but the miniroot program is more flexible. Both of these installation methods will follow the same set of procedures and will fully install NetBSD on your Sparc.

You will frequently be asked for confirmation before the system proceeds with each phase of the installation process.

Occasionally, you will have to provide a piece of information such as the name of the disk you want to install on, partitioning information, or IP addresses and domain names you want to assign. If your system has more than one disk, you may want to look at the output of the dmesg(8) command to see how your disks have been identified by the kernel.

Note:
If you repartition a hard drive, be certain that every partition starts on a cylinder boundary for compatibility with the Sparc ROM.

The installation script goes through the following phases:

Now try a reboot. Initially we'd suggest you boot sd()netbsd -bs, then try multiuser after that. If you boot single-user the NetBSD incantation to make the root file system writable is

# mount -u /dev/sd0a /

Your PROM might have been setup to instruct the boot program to load a file called vmunix. On OpenBoot PROM systems you can change it to load netbsd instead using the following commands:

OpenBoot PROM 1
ok setenv boot-from sd(0,0,0)netbsd
OpenBoot PROM 2
ok setenv boot-file netbsd
ok setenv boot-device disk:a

Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD9.0.

Post installation steps

Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below.

  1. Before all else, read postinstall(8).

  2. Configuring /etc/rc.conf

    If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of /etc/rc.conf (sysinst normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message

           /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.

    and with the root file system (/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a /bin/sh prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with sun for a local console, or whatever is appropriate for your serial console (some systems display garbage with a sun terminal type, you may need to use sun-ss5) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard:
           # stty erase '^h'
           # stty erase '^?'
    At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the /etc directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with:
           # /sbin/mount -u -w /
    Change to the /etc directory and take a look at the /etc/rc.conf file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can proceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in /etc/defaults/rc.conf, where some in-line documentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5).

    When you have finished editing /etc/rc.conf, type exit at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.

    Other values that may need to be set in /etc/rc.conf for a networked environment are hostname and possibly defaultroute. You may also need to add an ifconfig_int for your <int> network interface, along the lines of


           ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0"

    or, if you have myname.my.dom in /etc/hosts:


           ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"

    To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an /etc/resolv.conf file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information.

    Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in /etc/rc.conf.

  3. Select the proper terminal devices

    If you are using a serial console, you will have to edit the /etc/ttys file and change sun to the appropriate terminal type, such as vt220.

  4. Logging in

    After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in sysinst, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root.

  5. Adding accounts

    Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your system. Do not edit /etc/passwd directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database.

  6. The X Window System

    If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the NetBSD Guide:

  7. Installing third party packages

    If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon.

  8. Misc

Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System

The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.0 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here.

To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the base and kern binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases.

Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process.

The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning.

Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets.

After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 9.0 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in /dev. If you've changed the contents of /dev by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into /dev, and run the command:

       # sh MAKEDEV all

sysinst will attempt to merge the settings stored in your /etc directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes.

Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases

Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 9.0.

Note that sysinst will automatically invoke

postinstall fix
and thus all issues that are fixed by postinstall by default will be handled.

A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.0 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list.

Using online NetBSD documentation

Documentation is available if you installed the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documentation) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are

The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.

The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man [section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter


       # man passwd

to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter


       # man 5 passwd

instead.

If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter


       # apropos subject-word

where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.

Administrivia

If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. See
       https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/
for details.

There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.

To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details.

Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web interface at
       https://www.NetBSD.org/support/send-pr.html

There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit
       https://www.NetBSD.org/mailinglists/

If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below).

If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-users@NetBSD.org.

As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.

Thanks go to

All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this document:

NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.

This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foundation.
This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD.
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleå.
This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleå, Sweden and its contributors.
This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University.
This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project.
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This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum.
This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda.
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This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske.
This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers.
This product includes software developed by Cisco Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood.
This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Computing Services at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/computing/).
This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken.
This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and Michael L. Hitch.
This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross
This product includes software developed by David Miller.
This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley.
This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda.
This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com)
This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au)
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and by Kari Mettinen.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske.
This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan.
This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore.
This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas.
This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross
This product includes software developed by Harvard University.
This product includes software developed by Harvard University and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by Henrik Vestergaard Draboel.
This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl.
This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa.
This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall.
This product includes software developed by Intel Corporation and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc.
This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III.
This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill.
This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright
This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/
This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig-Baltes.
This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch
This product includes software developed by John Birrell.
This product includes software developed by John P. Wittkoski.
This product includes software developed by John Polstra.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Julian Highfield.
This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi
This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H. Shimokawa
This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu.
This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto.
This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey.
This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara.
This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems.
This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes.
This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg.
This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz.
This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe.
This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe
This product includes software developed by Markus Wild.
This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Midden.
This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh.
This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki.
This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis
This product includes software developed by Matthew Fredette.
This product includes software developed by Michael Smith.
This product includes software developed by Microsoft
This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen
This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard.
This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contributors.
This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto.
This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa.
This product includes software developed by Niels Provos.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist.
This product includes software developed by Niklas Hallqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas.
This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni.
This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg.
This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras.
This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras .
This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Marques
This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy.
This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nelson.
This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incorporated.
This product includes software developed by RiscBSD.
This product includes software developed by Roar Thronæs.
This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes.
This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman
This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey.
This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram.
This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens.
This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE.
This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing.
This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin
This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada.
This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura.
This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project.
This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen .
This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH.
This product includes software developed by Trimble Navigation, Ltd.
This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens.
This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by Winning Strategies, Inc.
This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki
This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University
This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the Alice Group.
This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah.
This product includes software developed by the Harvard University and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/)
This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD kernel team
This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team.
This product includes software developed by the SMCC Technology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman.
This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors.
This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Champaign Independent Media Center.
This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network.
This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc.
This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom.
This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA.
This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Similar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU).
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.

In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation.

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.

The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html.

This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.

In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver:

This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse.

Some files have the following copyright:

Mach Operating System
Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University
All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.

CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

Some files have the following copyright:

Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University.
All rights reserved.

Author: Chris G. Demetriou

Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890

any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes.

Some files have the following copyright:

Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford University makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.

The End